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                <ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../../PREFACE.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">快速上手</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/tutorials/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 快速上手</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/tutorials/typescript-in-5-minutes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 5 分钟了解 TypeScript</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/tutorials/asp.net-core.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> ASP.NET Core</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/tutorials/asp.net-4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> ASP.NET 4</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/tutorials/gulp.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Gulp</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/tutorials/knockout.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Knockout.js</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/tutorials/react-and-webpack.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> React 与 webpack</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/tutorials/react.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> React</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/tutorials/angular-2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> Angular 2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/tutorials/migrating-from-javascript.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.9.</strong> 从 JavaScript 迁移到 TypeScript</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">手册</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/handbook/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 手册</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/handbook/basic-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 基础类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/handbook/interfaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 接口</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/handbook/functions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/handbook/literal-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 字面量类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/handbook/unions-and-intersections.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 联合类型和交叉类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/handbook/classes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 类</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/handbook/enums.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 枚举</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/handbook/generics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.</strong> 泛型</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">手册（进阶）</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/reference/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 手册（进阶）</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/reference/advanced-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 高级类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/reference/utility-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 实用工具类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/reference/decorators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Decorators</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/reference/declaration-merging.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 声明合并</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/reference/iterators-and-generators.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Iterators 和 Generators</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/reference/jsx.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> JSX</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/reference/mixins.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> 混入</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/reference/modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> 模块</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/reference/module-resolution.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> 模块解析</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/reference/namespaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.10.</strong> 命名空间</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/reference/namespaces-and-modules.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.11.</strong> 命名空间和模块</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/reference/symbols.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.12.</strong> Symbols</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/reference/triple-slash-directives.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.13.</strong> 三斜线指令</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/reference/type-compatibility.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.14.</strong> 类型兼容性</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/reference/type-inference.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.15.</strong> 类型推论</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/reference/variable-declarations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.16.</strong> 变量声明</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">手册（v2）</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/handbook-v2/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 手册（v2）</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/handbook-v2/type-manipulation/template-literal-types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 模版字面量类型</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">TypeScript 声明文件（.d.ts）</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/declaration-files/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 如何书写声明文件</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/declaration-files/introduction.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 介绍</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/declaration-files/by-example.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 举例</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/declaration-files/library-structures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 库结构</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/declaration-files/templates.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> 模板</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/declaration-files/do-s-and-don-ts.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> 最佳实践</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/declaration-files/deep-dive.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> 深入</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/declaration-files/publishing.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> 发布</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/declaration-files/consumption.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.8.</strong> 使用</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">TypeScript for JavaScript</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/javascript/type-checking-javascript-files.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> JavaScript 文件里的类型检查</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><li class="part-title">工程配置</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/project-config/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 工程配置</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/project-config/tsconfig.json.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> tsconfig.json</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/project-config/project-references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> 工程引用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/project-config/typings-for-npm-packages.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> NPM 包的类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/project-config/compiler-options.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> 编译选项</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/project-config/configuring-watch.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> 配置 Watch</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/project-config/compiler-options-in-msbuild.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> 在 MSBuild 里使用编译选项</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/project-config/integrating-with-build-tools.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.7.</strong> 与其它构建工具整合</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/project-config/nightly-builds.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.8.</strong> 使用 TypeScript 的每日构建版本</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">版本发布说明（Release Notes）</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> 新增功能</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-5.4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> TypeScript 5.4</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-5.3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> TypeScript 5.3</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-5.2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> TypeScript 5.2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-5.1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> TypeScript 5.1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-5.0.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> TypeScript 5.0</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-4.9.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.6.</strong> TypeScript 4.9</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-4.8.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.7.</strong> TypeScript 4.8</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-4.7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.8.</strong> TypeScript 4.7</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-4.6.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.9.</strong> TypeScript 4.6</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-4.5.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.10.</strong> TypeScript 4.5</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-4.4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.11.</strong> TypeScript 4.4</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-4.3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.12.</strong> TypeScript 4.3</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-4.2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.13.</strong> TypeScript 4.2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-4.1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.14.</strong> TypeScript 4.1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-4.0.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.15.</strong> TypeScript 4.0</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-3.9.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.16.</strong> TypeScript 3.9</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-3.8.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.17.</strong> TypeScript 3.8</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-3.7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.18.</strong> TypeScript 3.7</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-3.6.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.19.</strong> TypeScript 3.6</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-3.5.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.20.</strong> TypeScript 3.5</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-3.4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.21.</strong> TypeScript 3.4</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-3.3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.22.</strong> TypeScript 3.3</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-3.2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.23.</strong> TypeScript 3.2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-3.1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.24.</strong> TypeScript 3.1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-3.0.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.25.</strong> TypeScript 3.0</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-2.9.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.26.</strong> TypeScript 2.9</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-2.8.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.27.</strong> TypeScript 2.8</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-2.7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.28.</strong> TypeScript 2.7</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-2.6.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.29.</strong> TypeScript 2.6</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-2.5.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.30.</strong> TypeScript 2.5</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-2.4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.31.</strong> TypeScript 2.4</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-2.3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.32.</strong> TypeScript 2.3</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-2.2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.33.</strong> TypeScript 2.2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-2.1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.34.</strong> TypeScript 2.1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-2.0.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.35.</strong> TypeScript 2.0</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-1.8.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.36.</strong> TypeScript 1.8</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-1.7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.37.</strong> TypeScript 1.7</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-1.6.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.38.</strong> TypeScript 1.6</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-1.5.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.39.</strong> TypeScript 1.5</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-1.4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.40.</strong> TypeScript 1.4</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-1.3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.41.</strong> TypeScript 1.3</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/release-notes/typescript-1.1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.42.</strong> TypeScript 1.1</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><li class="part-title">破坏性改动（Breaking Changes）</li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Breaking Changes</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-3.6.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> TypeScript 3.6</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-3.5.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> TypeScript 3.5</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-3.4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> TypeScript 3.4</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-3.2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> TypeScript 3.2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-3.1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.</strong> TypeScript 3.1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-3.0.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.6.</strong> TypeScript 3.0</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-2.9.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.7.</strong> TypeScript 2.9</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-2.8.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.</strong> TypeScript 2.8</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-2.7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.</strong> TypeScript 2.7</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-2.6.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.10.</strong> TypeScript 2.6</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-2.4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.11.</strong> TypeScript 2.4</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-2.3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.12.</strong> TypeScript 2.3</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-2.2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.13.</strong> TypeScript 2.2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-2.1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.14.</strong> TypeScript 2.1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-2.0.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.15.</strong> TypeScript 2.0</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-1.8.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.16.</strong> TypeScript 1.8</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-1.7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.17.</strong> TypeScript 1.7</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-1.6.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.18.</strong> TypeScript 1.6</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-1.5.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.19.</strong> TypeScript 1.5</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../zh/breaking-changes/typescript-1.4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.20.</strong> TypeScript 1.4</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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                        <h1 id="gulp"><a class="header" href="#gulp">Gulp</a></h1>
<p>这篇快速上手指南将教你如何使用<a href="http://gulpjs.com">Gulp</a>构建TypeScript，和如何在Gulp管道里添加<a href="http://browserify.org">Browserify</a>，<a href="http://lisperator.net/uglifyjs/">uglify</a>或<a href="https://github.com/substack/watchify">Watchify</a>。 本指南还会展示如何使用<a href="https://github.com/babel/babelify">Babelify</a>来添加<a href="https://babeljs.io/">Babel</a>的功能。</p>
<p>这里假设你已经在使用<a href="https://nodejs.org/">Node.js</a>和<a href="https://www.npmjs.com/">npm</a>了。</p>
<h2 id="创建简单工程"><a class="header" href="#创建简单工程">创建简单工程</a></h2>
<p>我们首先创建一个新目录。 命名为<code>proj</code>，也可以使用任何你喜欢的名字。</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">mkdir proj
cd proj
</code></pre>
<p>我们将以下面的结构开始我们的工程：</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">proj/
   ├─ src/
   └─ dist/
</code></pre>
<p>TypeScript文件放在<code>src</code>文件夹下，经过TypeScript编译器编译生成的目标文件放在<code>dist</code>目录下。</p>
<p>下面让我们来创建这些文件夹：</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">mkdir src
mkdir dist
</code></pre>
<h3 id="初始化工程"><a class="header" href="#初始化工程">初始化工程</a></h3>
<p>现在让我们把这个文件夹转换成npm包：</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">npm init
</code></pre>
<p>你将看到有一些提示操作。 除了入口文件外，其余的都可以使用默认项。 入口文件使用<code>./dist/main.js</code>。 你可以随时在<code>package.json</code>文件里更改生成的配置。</p>
<h3 id="安装依赖项"><a class="header" href="#安装依赖项">安装依赖项</a></h3>
<p>现在我们可以使用<code>npm install</code>命令来安装包。 首先全局安装<code>gulp-cli</code>（如果你使用Unix系统，你可能需要在<code>npm install</code>命令上使用<code>sudo</code>）。</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">npm install -g gulp-cli
</code></pre>
<p>然后安装<code>typescript</code>，<code>gulp</code>和<code>gulp-typescript</code>到开发依赖项。 <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/gulp-typescript">Gulp-typescript</a>是TypeScript的一个Gulp插件。</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">npm install --save-dev typescript gulp@4.0.0 gulp-typescript
</code></pre>
<h3 id="写一个简单的例子"><a class="header" href="#写一个简单的例子">写一个简单的例子</a></h3>
<p>让我们写一个Hello World程序。 在<code>src</code>目录下创建<code>main.ts</code>文件：</p>
<pre><code class="language-typescript">function hello(compiler: string) {
    console.log(`Hello from ${compiler}`);
}
hello('TypeScript');
</code></pre>
<p>在工程的根目录<code>proj</code>下新建一个<code>tsconfig.json</code>文件：</p>
<pre><code class="language-javascript">{
    "files": [
        "src/main.ts"
    ],
    "compilerOptions": {
        "noImplicitAny": true,
        "target": "es5"
    }
}
</code></pre>
<h3 id="新建gulpfilejs文件"><a class="header" href="#新建gulpfilejs文件">新建<code>gulpfile.js</code>文件</a></h3>
<p>在工程根目录下，新建一个<code>gulpfile.js</code>文件：</p>
<pre><code class="language-javascript">var gulp = require('gulp');
var ts = require('gulp-typescript');
var tsProject = ts.createProject('tsconfig.json');

gulp.task('default', function () {
    return tsProject.src()
        .pipe(tsProject())
        .js.pipe(gulp.dest('dist'));
});
</code></pre>
<h3 id="测试这个应用"><a class="header" href="#测试这个应用">测试这个应用</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-text">gulp
node dist/main.js
</code></pre>
<p>程序应该能够打印出“Hello from TypeScript!”。</p>
<h2 id="向代码里添加模块"><a class="header" href="#向代码里添加模块">向代码里添加模块</a></h2>
<p>在使用Browserify前，让我们先构建一下代码然后再添加一些混入的模块。 这个结构将是你在真实应用程序中会用到的。</p>
<p>新建一个<code>src/greet.ts</code>文件：</p>
<pre><code class="language-typescript">export function sayHello(name: string) {
    return `Hello from ${name}`;
}
</code></pre>
<p>更改<code>src/main.ts</code>代码，从<code>greet.ts</code>导入<code>sayHello</code>：</p>
<pre><code class="language-typescript">import { sayHello } from './greet';

console.log(sayHello('TypeScript'));
</code></pre>
<p>最后，将<code>src/greet.ts</code>添加到<code>tsconfig.json</code>：</p>
<pre><code class="language-javascript">{
    "files": [
        "src/main.ts",
        "src/greet.ts"
    ],
    "compilerOptions": {
        "noImplicitAny": true,
        "target": "es5"
    }
}
</code></pre>
<p>确保执行<code>gulp</code>后模块是能工作的，在Node.js下进行测试：</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">gulp
node dist/main.js
</code></pre>
<p>注意，即使我们使用了ES2015的模块语法，TypeScript还是会生成Node.js使用的CommonJS模块。 我们在这个教程里会一直使用CommonJS模块，但是你可以通过修改<code>module</code>选项来改变这个行为。</p>
<h2 id="browserify"><a class="header" href="#browserify">Browserify</a></h2>
<p>现在，让我们把这个工程由Node.js环境移到浏览器环境里。 因此，我们将把所有模块捆绑成一个JavaScript文件。 所幸，这正是Browserify要做的事情。 更方便的是，它支持Node.js的CommonJS模块，这也正是TypeScript默认生成的类型。 也就是说TypeScript和Node.js的设置不需要改变就可以移植到浏览器里。</p>
<p>首先，安装Browserify，<a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/tsify">tsify</a>和vinyl-source-stream。 tsify是Browserify的一个插件，就像gulp-typescript一样，它能够访问TypeScript编译器。 vinyl-source-stream会将Browserify的输出文件适配成gulp能够解析的格式，它叫做<a href="https://github.com/gulpjs/vinyl">vinyl</a>。</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">npm install --save-dev browserify tsify vinyl-source-stream
</code></pre>
<h3 id="新建一个页面"><a class="header" href="#新建一个页面">新建一个页面</a></h3>
<p>在<code>src</code>目录下新建一个<code>index.html</code>文件：</p>
<pre><code class="language-markup">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html&gt;
    &lt;head&gt;
        &lt;meta charset="UTF-8" /&gt;
        &lt;title&gt;Hello World!&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;/head&gt;
    &lt;body&gt;
        &lt;p id="greeting"&gt;Loading ...&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;script src="bundle.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
    &lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>修改<code>main.ts</code>文件来更新这个页面：</p>
<pre><code class="language-typescript">import { sayHello } from './greet';

function showHello(divName: string, name: string) {
    const elt = document.getElementById(divName);
    elt.innerText = sayHello(name);
}

showHello('greeting', 'TypeScript');
</code></pre>
<p><code>showHello</code>调用<code>sayHello</code>函数更改页面上段落的文字。 现在修改gulpfile文件如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-javascript">var gulp = require('gulp');
var browserify = require('browserify');
var source = require('vinyl-source-stream');
var tsify = require('tsify');
var paths = {
    pages: ['src/*.html']
};

gulp.task('copy-html', function () {
    return gulp.src(paths.pages)
        .pipe(gulp.dest('dist'));
});

gulp.task('default', gulp.series(gulp.parallel('copy-html'), function () {
    return browserify({
        basedir: '.',
        debug: true,
        entries: ['src/main.ts'],
        cache: {},
        packageCache: {}
    })
    .plugin(tsify)
    .bundle()
    .pipe(source('bundle.js'))
    .pipe(gulp.dest('dist'));
}));
</code></pre>
<p>这里增加了<code>copy-html</code>任务并且把它加作<code>default</code>的依赖项。 这样，当<code>default</code>执行时，<code>copy-html</code>会被首先执行。 我们还修改了<code>default</code>任务，让它使用<code>tsify</code>插件调用Browserify，而不是<code>gulp-typescript</code>。 方便的是，两者传递相同的参数对象到TypeScript编译器。</p>
<p>调用<code>bundle</code>后，我们使用<code>source</code>（vinyl-source-stream的别名）把输出文件命名为<code>bundle.js</code>。</p>
<p>测试此页面，运行<code>gulp</code>，然后在浏览器里打开<code>dist/index.html</code>。 你应该能在页面上看到“Hello from TypeScript”。</p>
<p>注意，我们为Broswerify指定了<code>debug: true</code>。 这会让<code>tsify</code>在输出文件里生成<code>source maps</code>。 <code>source maps</code>允许我们在浏览器中直接调试TypeScript源码，而不是在合并后的JavaScript文件上调试。 你要打开调试器并在<code>main.ts</code>里打一个断点，看看<code>source maps</code>是否能工作。 当你刷新页面时，代码会停在断点处，从而你就能够调试<code>greet.ts</code>。</p>
<h2 id="watchifybabel和uglify"><a class="header" href="#watchifybabel和uglify">Watchify，Babel和Uglify</a></h2>
<p>现在代码已经用Browserify和tsify捆绑在一起了，我们可以使用Browserify插件为构建添加一些特性。</p>
<ul>
<li>Watchify启动Gulp并保持运行状态，当你保存文件时自动编译。 帮你进入到编辑-保存-刷新浏览器的循环中。</li>
<li>Babel是个十分灵活的编译器，将ES2015及以上版本的代码转换成ES5和ES3。 你可以添加大量自定义的TypeScript目前不支持的转换器。</li>
<li>Uglify帮你压缩代码，将花费更少的时间去下载它们。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="watchify"><a class="header" href="#watchify">Watchify</a></h3>
<p>我们启动Watchify，让它在后台帮我们编译：</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">npm install --save-dev watchify fancy-log
</code></pre>
<p>修改gulpfile文件如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-javascript">var gulp = require('gulp');
var browserify = require('browserify');
var source = require('vinyl-source-stream');
var watchify = require('watchify');
var tsify = require('tsify');
var fancy_log = require('fancy-log');
var paths = {
    pages: ['src/*.html']
};

var watchedBrowserify = watchify(browserify({
    basedir: '.',
    debug: true,
    entries: ['src/main.ts'],
    cache: {},
    packageCache: {}
}).plugin(tsify));

gulp.task('copy-html', function () {
    return gulp.src(paths.pages)
        .pipe(gulp.dest('dist'));
});

function bundle() {
    return watchedBrowserify
        .bundle()
        .on('error', fancy_log)
        .pipe(source('bundle.js'))
        .pipe(gulp.dest('dist'));
}

gulp.task('default', gulp.series(gulp.parallel('copy-html'), bundle));
watchedBrowserify.on('update', bundle);
watchedBrowserify.on('log', fancy_log);
</code></pre>
<p>共有三处改变，但是需要你略微重构一下代码。</p>
<ol>
<li>将<code>browserify</code>实例包裹在<code>watchify</code>的调用里，控制生成的结果。</li>
<li>调用<code>watchedBrowserify.on('update', bundle);</code>，每次TypeScript文件改变时Browserify会执行<code>bundle</code>函数。</li>
<li>调用<code>watchedBrowserify.on('log', fancy_log);</code>将日志打印到控制台。</li>
</ol>
<p>(1)和(2)在一起意味着我们要将<code>browserify</code>调用移出<code>default</code>任务。 然后给函数起个名字，因为Watchify和Gulp都要调用它。 (3)是可选的，但是对于调试来讲很有用。</p>
<p>现在当你执行<code>gulp</code>，它会启动并保持运行状态。 试着改变<code>main.ts</code>文件里<code>showHello</code>的代码并保存。 你会看到这样的输出：</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">proj$ gulp
[10:34:20] Using gulpfile ~/src/proj/gulpfile.js
[10:34:20] Starting 'copy-html'...
[10:34:20] Finished 'copy-html' after 26 ms
[10:34:20] Starting 'default'...
[10:34:21] 2824 bytes written (0.13 seconds)
[10:34:21] Finished 'default' after 1.36 s
[10:35:22] 2261 bytes written (0.02 seconds)
[10:35:24] 2808 bytes written (0.05 seconds)
</code></pre>
<h3 id="uglify"><a class="header" href="#uglify">Uglify</a></h3>
<p>首先安装Uglify。 因为Uglify是用于混淆你的代码，所以我们还要安装vinyl-buffer和gulp-sourcemaps来支持sourcemaps。</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">npm install --save-dev gulp-uglify vinyl-buffer gulp-sourcemaps
</code></pre>
<p>修改gulpfile文件如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-javascript">var gulp = require('gulp');
var browserify = require('browserify');
var source = require('vinyl-source-stream');
var tsify = require('tsify');
var uglify = require('gulp-uglify');
var sourcemaps = require('gulp-sourcemaps');
var buffer = require('vinyl-buffer');
var paths = {
    pages: ['src/*.html']
};

gulp.task('copy-html', function () {
    return gulp.src(paths.pages)
        .pipe(gulp.dest('dist'));
});

gulp.task('default', gulp.series(gulp.parallel('copy-html'), function () {
    return browserify({
        basedir: '.',
        debug: true,
        entries: ['src/main.ts'],
        cache: {},
        packageCache: {}
    })
    .plugin(tsify)
    .bundle()
    .pipe(source('bundle.js'))
    .pipe(buffer())
    .pipe(sourcemaps.init({loadMaps: true}))
    .pipe(uglify())
    .pipe(sourcemaps.write('./'))
    .pipe(gulp.dest('dist'));
}));
</code></pre>
<p>注意<code>uglify</code>只是调用了自己—<code>buffer</code>和<code>sourcemaps</code>的调用是用于确保sourcemaps可以工作。 这些调用让我们可以使用单独的sourcemap文件，而不是之前的内嵌的sourcemaps。 你现在可以执行<code>gulp</code>来检查<code>bundle.js</code>是否被压缩了：</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">gulp
cat dist/bundle.js
</code></pre>
<h3 id="babel"><a class="header" href="#babel">Babel</a></h3>
<p>首先安装Babelify和ES2015的Babel预置程序。 和Uglify一样，Babelify也会混淆代码，因此我们也需要vinyl-buffer和gulp-sourcemaps。 默认情况下Babelify只会处理扩展名为<code>.js</code>，<code>.es</code>，<code>.es6</code>和<code>.jsx</code>的文件，因此我们需要添加<code>.ts</code>扩展名到Babelify选项。</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">npm install --save-dev babelify@8 babel-core babel-preset-es2015 vinyl-buffer gulp-sourcemaps
</code></pre>
<p>修改gulpfile文件如下：</p>
<pre><code class="language-javascript">var gulp = require('gulp');
var browserify = require('browserify');
var source = require('vinyl-source-stream');
var tsify = require('tsify');
var sourcemaps = require('gulp-sourcemaps');
var buffer = require('vinyl-buffer');
var paths = {
    pages: ['src/*.html']
};

gulp.task('copyHtml', function () {
    return gulp.src(paths.pages)
        .pipe(gulp.dest('dist'));
});

gulp.task('default', gulp.series(gulp.parallel('copy-html'), function () {
    return browserify({
        basedir: '.',
        debug: true,
        entries: ['src/main.ts'],
        cache: {},
        packageCache: {}
    })
    .plugin(tsify)
    .transform('babelify', {
        presets: ['es2015'],
        extensions: ['.ts']
    })
    .bundle()
    .pipe(source('bundle.js'))
    .pipe(buffer())
    .pipe(sourcemaps.init({loadMaps: true}))
    .pipe(sourcemaps.write('./'))
    .pipe(gulp.dest('dist'));
}));
</code></pre>
<p>我们需要设置TypeScript目标为ES2015。 Babel稍后会从TypeScript生成的ES2015代码中生成ES5。 修改<code>tsconfig.json</code>:</p>
<pre><code class="language-javascript">{
    "files": [
        "src/main.ts"
    ],
    "compilerOptions": {
        "noImplicitAny": true,
        "target": "es2015"
    }
}
</code></pre>
<p>对于这样一段简单的代码来说，Babel的ES5输出应该和TypeScript的输出相似。</p>

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